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14.7 bsdconfig

14.7.1 bsdconfig 系统配置工具概述

bsdconfig 是 FreeBSD 的文本界面配置工具,用于新系统安装和已有系统的配置设置。与 bsdinstall(安装过程中使用)不同,bsdconfig 可随时用于配置管理。

bsdconfig 的源代码托管在 https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd-src/tree/main/usr.sbin/bsdconfig

技巧

bsdconfig 也支持纯字符命令行。

14.7.2 bsdconfig 主菜单的功能与操作

bsdconfig 主菜单提供了系统配置的各个功能模块。如已安装 FreeBSD,可使用此菜单对系统进行自定义配置。可使用 pkg 工具安装额外的第三方软件,这些软件不包含在基本系统中。

执行命令:

sh
# bsdconfig

将输出如下:

sh
┌--------------------┤Main Menu├-------------------┐
 If you've already installed FreeBSD, you may use │
│ this menu to customize it somewhat to suit your  │
│ particular configuration.  Most importantly, you │
│ can use the Packages utility to load extra '3rd
 party' software not provided in the base         │
│ distributions.                                   │
│ ┌----------------------------------------------┐ │
│ │         X Exit                               │ │
│ │         1 Usage                              │ │
│ │         2 Documentation installation         │ │
│ │         3 Packages                           │ │
│ │         4 Root Password                      │ │
│ │         5 Disk Management                    │ │
│ │         6 Login/Group Management             │ │
│ │         7 Console                            │ │
│ │         8 Timezone                           │ │
│ │         9 Mouse                              │ │
│ │         A Networking Management              │ │
│ │         B Security                           │ │
│ │         C Startup                            │ │
│ │         D Ttys                               │ │
│ └----------------------------------------------┘ │
├--------------------------------------------------┤
│[      OK      ] [Exit bsdconfig] [     Help     ]│
└--------------------------------------------------┘

快捷键说明:选项名称前的编号或字母表示按相应键可选择该项,例如按 1 键选择 1 Usage,按大写 A 键选择 A Networking Management

选项解释
X Exit退出
1 Usagebsdconfig 使用说明
2 Documentation installation安装文档
3 Packages软件包
4 Root Passwordroot 密码
5 Disk Management磁盘管理
6 Login/Group Management登录管理/组管理
7 Console终端
8 Timezone时区
9 Mouse鼠标
A Networking Management网络管理
B Security安全
C Startup启动项
D TtysTTY
OK确认
Exit bsdconfig退出
Help帮助

14.7.3 1 Usage 使用说明

选中该项将弹出窗口,展示详细的使用指引,内容如下:

如何使用此系统

======================

[阅读完本屏幕内容后,按 PageDown 键进入下一屏]

在本次安装过程中,大多数对话框都支持以下按键操作:

按键操作
空格键选择或切换当前项目。
回车键完成菜单或项目的操作。
↑(上箭头)移动到上一个项目(或在文本显示框中向上移动)。
↓(下箭头)移动到下一个项目(或在文本显示框中向下移动)。
Tab移动到下一个项目或分组。
→(右箭头)移动到下一个项目或分组(与 Tab 相同)。
SHIFT + Tab移动到上一个项目或分组。
←(左箭头)移动到上一个项目或分组(与 SHIFT + Tab 相同)。
PAGE UP在文本显示框中向上滚动一页。
PAGE DOWN在文本显示框中向下滚动一页。
F1显示相关的帮助文本。

如果在菜单的边缘看到小的 ^(-)v(+) 符号,则表示由于屏幕空间不足,当前项目的上/下方还有更多未显示的内容。在文本显示框中,当前位置以上的文本数量会以百分比形式显示在右下角。使用 上 ↑ / 下 ↓ 箭头键 可逐行滚动,PageUp/PageDown 键可整页滚动。

在菜单中选择 OK 将确认其控制的操作。选择 Cancel 将取消操作,然后通常会返回上一级菜单。使用 Tab 可移动光标并选择按钮。

大多数界面都有 Help 按钮,建议充分利用该功能,其通常提供有用的上下文提示;如果在某个配置菜单中不确定操作方式,请选择 Help

特殊功能

======================

如菜单项名称的首字母是唯一的,输入该字母即可选择菜单项。通常它是项目的编号。

控制台驱动程序包含回滚缓冲区,用于查看已滚动出屏幕的内容。要使用回滚功能,请按键盘上的 Scroll Lock 键,然后使用箭头键或 Page Up/Page Down 键滚动查看保存的文本。要退出回滚模式,再次按 Scroll Lock 键。此功能对查看启动信息颇为实用,同时也适用于处理不使用菜单且输出往往滚动到屏幕顶部的子 shell 或其他“专家模式”。

FreeBSD 还支持多个“虚拟控制台”,可以使用它们同时进行多个活动会话。使用 ALT + F<数字> 切换屏幕,其中 F<数字> 是对应希望查看的屏幕的功能键。在默认情况下,系统启用了 8 个虚拟控制台:可以通过编辑 /etc/ttys 文件,将相关 vty 条目的“off”字段改为“on”来启用更多虚拟控制台(多达 12 个)。

14.7.4 2 Documentation installation 安装文档

可通过 bsdconfig 安装 FreeBSD 文档。

sh
┌---------------┤FreeBSD Documentation Installation├---------------┐
 This menu allows you to install the whole documentation set from
 the FreeBSD Documentation Project: Handbook, FAQ, and articles.

 Please select the language versions you wish to install. At
 minimum, you should install the English version, the original
 version of the documentation.
 ┌--------------------------------------------------------------┐
         [ ] bn    Bengali Documentation
         [ ] da    Danish Documentation
         [ ] de    German Documentation
         [ ] el    Greek Documentation
         [X] en    English Documentation (recommended)        │ │
         [ ] es    Spanish Documentation
         [ ] fr    French Documentation
         [ ] hu    Hungarian Documentation
         [ ] id    Indonesian Documentation
         [ ] it    Italian Documentation
         [ ] ja    Japanese Documentation
         [ ] ko    Korean Documentation
         [ ] mn    Mongolian Documentation
         [ ] nl    Dutch Documentation
         [ ] pl    Polish Documentation
         [ ] pt    Portuguese Documentation
         [ ] ru    Russian Documentation
         [ ] tr    Turkish Documentation
 └-↓↓↓----------------------------------------------------- 90%-┘
├------------------------------------------------------------------┤
                       [  OK  ]     [Cancel]                      │
└----------------- Use arrows, SPACE, TAB or ENTER ----------------┘

选择并安装所需语言的文档。

注意

不建议安装中文文档(无论简体或繁体),其内容更新远落后于英文文档。

14.7.5 3 Packages 软件包

3 Packages 菜单用于设置 FreeBSD 软件包的安装方式。

sh

┌-----------------------┤Choose Installation Media├-----------------------┐
 FreeBSD can be installed from a variety of different installation
 media, ranging from floppies to an Internet FTP server.  If you're      │
│ installing FreeBSD from a supported CD/DVD drive then this is generally │
│ the best media to use if you have no overriding reason for using other  │
│ media.                                                                  │
│ ┌---------------------------------------------------------------------┐ │
│ │   1 CD/DVD      Install from a FreeBSD CD/DVD                       │ │
│ │   2 HTTP Proxy  Install from an FTP server through an HTTP proxy    │ │
│ │   3 HTTP Direct Install from an HTTP server                         │ │
│ │   4 Directory   Install from the existing filesystem                │ │
│ │   5 NFS         Install over NFS                                    │ │
│ │   6 DOS         Install from a DOS partition                        │ │
│ │   7 UFS         Install from a UFS partition                        │ │
│ │   8 USB         Install from a USB drive                            │ │
│ │   X Options     View/Set various media options                      │ │
│ └---------------------------------------------------------------------┘ │
├-------------------------------------------------------------------------┤
│                   [  OK  ]     [Cancel]     [ Help ]                    │
└------ Choose Help for more information on the various media types ------┘
选项说明
CD/DVD从 FreeBSD CD/DVD 安装
HTTP Proxy通过 HTTP 代理从 FTP 服务器安装
HTTP Direct从 HTTP 服务器直接安装
Directory从现有文件系统安装
NFS通过 NFS 安装
DOS从 DOS 分区安装
UFS从 UFS 分区安装
USB从 USB 设备安装
Options查看/设置多项媒体选项

14.7.5.1 3 HTTP Direct

选择最适合的站点,或选择“其他”以指定不同站点。“Main Site”会通过 GeoDNS 将用户引导至最近的官方镜像站(提供完整分发文件并支持 IPv4 和 IPv6)。其他站点称为“社区镜像”,并非所有站点都提供基础分发包之外的内容。选择一个站点。

sh
┌-------------┤Please select a FreeBSD HTTP distribution site├-------------┐
 Please select the best suitable site for you or "other" if you want to
 specify a different choice. The "Main Site" directs users to the nearest
 project managed mirror via GeoDNS (they carry the full range of possible
 distributions and support both IPv4 and IPv6). All other sites are known │
 as "Community Mirrors"; not every site listed here carries more than the
 base distribution kits. Select a site!
 ┌----------------------------------------------------------------------┐
      pkg Main Site (GeoDNS) pkg.freebsd.org                          │ │
      URL                    Specify some other http site by URL
 └----------------------------------------------------------------------┘
├--------------------------------------------------------------------------┤
                           [  OK  ]     [Cancel]                          │
└----------------------------- Select a site! ------------------------------

如选择“pkg Main Site (GeoDNS) pkg.freebsd.org”,将会引导至 FreeBSD 官方镜像站;

如选择“URL Specify some other http site by URL”:

sh
┌------------------┤Package Selection├------------------┐
 Please specify the URL of a FreeBSD distribution on a
 remote http site.
 A URL looks like this: http://<hostname>/<path>
 ┌---------------------------------------------------┐

 └---------------------------------------------------┘
├-------------------------------------------------------┤
                 [  OK  ]     [Cancel]                 │
└-------------------------------------------------------┘

指定国内镜像站可能无法使用。

14.7.5.2 Options

sh
----------┤Options Editor├-----------┐
 ┌---------------------------------┐
  NFS Secure      NO
  NFS Slow        NO
  NFS TCP         NO
  NFS version 3   YES
  Debugging       NO
  Yes to All      NO
  DHCP            NO
  IPv6            NO
  Editor          /usr/bin/ee
  Release Name    15.0-CURRENT
  Media Type      <not yet set>
  Media Timeout   300
  Package Temp    /var/tmp
  Re-scan Devices <*>
  Use Defaults    [RESET!]       │ │
 └---------------------------------┘
├-------------------------------------┤
   [  OK  ]   [ Done ]   [ Help ]
└---- Press arrows, TAB or ENTER -----┘
选项说明
NFS SecureNFS 安全
NFS SlowNFS Slow
NFS TCPNFS TCP
NFS version 3NFS 版本 3
Debugging调试
Yes to All全部选是
DHCPDHCP
IPv6IPv6
Editor编辑器
Release NameRELEASE 版本
Media Type介质类型
Media Timeout介质超时
Package Temp软件包缓存
Re-scan Devices重新扫描设备
Use Defaults还原默认配置

14.7.6 4 Root Password root 密码

此菜单用于修改 root 用户密码。输入的密码在屏幕上以 *** 形式显示。

sh
┌--------------------┤Root Password├-------------------┐
 Enter New Password
 ┌--------------------------------------------------┐

 └--------------------------------------------------┘
├------------------------------------------------------┤
                 [  OK  ]     [Cancel]                │
└---- Use alpha-numeric, punctuation, TAB or ENTER ----┘

14.7.7 5 Disk Management 磁盘管理

sh
┌--------------------┤Partition Editor├---------------┐
 Create partitions for FreeBSD, F1 for help.
 No changes will be made until you select Finish.


├-----------------------------------------------------┤
  mmcsd0          116 GB    GPT
    mmcsd0p1      260 MB    efi
    mmcsd0p2      116 GB    freebsd-zfs
  mmcsd0boot0     4.0 MB
  mmcsd0boot1     4.0 MB
  nda0            466 GB    GPT
    nda0p1        277 MB    efi
    nda0p2        200 GB    ms-basic-data
    nda0p3        148 GB    ms-basic-data
    nda0p4        85 GB     ms-basic-data
├---vvv----------------------------------------83%----┤
├-----------------------------------------------------┤
│[Create] [Delete] [Modify] [Revert] [ Auto ] [Finish]│

此界面与 bsdinstall 中的分区管理界面相同,操作方法也一致。

14.7.8 6 Login/Group Management 登录管理/组管理

sh
┌------┤Login/Group Management├------┐
 ┌--------------------------------┐
        X Exit
        1 Add Login
        2 Edit/View Login
        3 Delete Login
        - -
        4 Add Group
        5 Edit/View Group
        6 Delete Group
 └--------------------------------┘
├------------------------------------┤
   [  OK  ]   [Cancel]   [ Help ]   │
└---- Press arrows, TAB or ENTER ----┘
操作说明
X Exit退出
Add Login添加登录
Edit/View Login编辑登录用户/查看登录用户
Delete Login删除登录用户
- -分隔符
Add Group添加组
Edit/View Group编辑组/查看组
Delete Group删除组

14.7.8.1 “Edit/View Login”编辑登录用户

以创建的用户账户 ykla 为例:

sh
┌----------┤Edit/View User: ykla├-----------┐
 Choose Save/Exit when finished or Cancel.
 ┌---------------------------------------┐
     X Save/Exit
     1 Login: ykla
     2 Full Name: User &               
     3 Password: -----
     4 UID: 1001
     5 Group ID: 1001 (ykla)           │ │
     6 Member of Groups: wheel
     7 Login Class:
     8 Password Expires on:
     9 Account Expires on:
     A Home Directory: /home/ykla
     B Shell: /bin/sh
     - Create Home Directory: N/A
     D Create Dotfiles: No
 └---------------------------------------┘
├-------------------------------------------┤
           [  OK  ]     [Cancel]           │
└------- Press arrows, TAB or ENTER --------┘

可修改 ykla 的以下信息:

项目说明
X Save/Exit保存并退出
Login: ykla登录名:ykla
Full Name: User &姓名:User &
Password: -----密码:-----,可以修改密码
UID: 1001用户 ID:1001
Group ID: 1001 (ykla)组 ID:1001(ykla)
Member of Groups: wheel所属组:wheel
Login Class:登录类别:
Password Expires on:密码过期日期:
Account Expires on:账户过期日期:
Home Directory: /home/ykla主目录:/home/ykla
Shell: /bin/shShell:/bin/sh
Create Home Directory: N/A创建主目录:N/A
Create Dotfiles: No创建点文件:否

14.7.8.2 “Edit/View Group”编辑组/查看组

以创建的用户账户 ykla 所在 ykla 组为例:

sh
┌----------┤Edit/View Group: ykla├----------┐
 Choose Save/Exit when finished or Cancel.
 ┌---------------------------------------┐
           X Save/Exit
           1 Group: ykla
           2 Password: -----
           3 Group ID: 1001
           4 Group Members:
 └---------------------------------------┘
├-------------------------------------------┤
           [  OK  ]     [Cancel]           │
└------- Press arrows, TAB or ENTER --------┘
项目内容
X Save/Exit保存并退出
Group: ykla组:ykla
Password: -----密码:-----
Group ID: 1001组 ID:1001
Group Members:组成员:

14.7.9 7 Console 终端

sh
┌-------------------┤System Console Configuration├--------------------┐
 The system console driver for FreeBSD has a number of configuration
 options which may be set according to your preference.

 When you are done setting configuration options, select Cancel.
 ┌-----------------------------------------------------------------┐
          X Exit      Exit this menu
          2 Font      Choose an alternate screen font
          3 Keymap    Choose an alternate keyboard map
          4 Repeat    Set the rate at which keys repeat
          5 Saver     Configure the screen saver
          6 Screenmap Choose an alternate screenmap
          7 Ttys      Choose console terminal type
 └-----------------------------------------------------------------┘
├---------------------------------------------------------------------┤
                        [  OK  ]     [Cancel]                        │
└-------------- Configure your system console settings ---------------┘
菜单说明
X Exit退出此菜单
2 Font选择备用屏幕字体
3 Keymap选择备用键盘布局
4 Repeat设置按键重复速率
5 Saver配置屏幕保护程序
6 Screenmap选择备用屏幕映射
7 Ttys选择控制台终端类型
  • “2 Font”主要针对西欧字符集配置。
  • “5 Saver”配置屏幕保护程序参见其他章节。
  • “6 Screenmap”主要针对西欧字符集配置。
  • “7 Ttys”主要针对西欧或俄罗斯等区域配置。

14.7.10 8 Timezone 时区

配置同 bsdinstall,不再赘述。

14.7.11 9 Mouse 鼠标

可运行 mouse 守护进程以在文本控制台中进行剪切和粘贴。需指定端口和鼠标协议类型后启用守护进程,如不使用此功能,可选择 6 禁用守护进程。

启用鼠标守护进程后,在运行 X 配置工具时可将 /dev/sysmouse 设置为鼠标设备,并选择 SysMouseMouseSystems 作为鼠标协议(参见配置菜单)。

sh
┌----------------------┤Please configure your mouse├---------------------┐
 You can cut and paste text in the text console by running the mouse
 daemon.  Specify a port and a protocol type of your mouse and enable
 the mouse daemon.  If you don't want this feature, select 6 to disable │
│ the daemon.                                                            │
│ Once you've enabled the mouse daemon, you can specify "/dev/sysmouse"
 as your mouse device and "SysMouse" or "MouseSystems" as mouse
 protocol when running the X configuration utility (see Configuration
 menu).                                                                 │
 ┌--------------------------------------------------------------------┐
               X Exit    Exit this menu
               2 Enable  Test and run the mouse daemon
               3 Type    Select mouse protocol type
               4 Port    Select mouse port
               5 Flags   Set additional flags
               6 Disable Disable the mouse daemon
 └--------------------------------------------------------------------┘
├------------------------------------------------------------------------┤
                          [  OK  ]     [Cancel]                         │
└------------------------------------------------------------------------┘
菜单说明
X Exit退出此菜单
2 Enable启用测试并运行鼠标守护进程
3 Type选择鼠标协议类型
4 Port选择鼠标端口
5 Flags设置附加参数
6 Disable禁用鼠标守护进程

14.7.11.1 2 Enable 启用测试并运行鼠标守护进程

sh
┌------------┤User Confirmation Requested├-----------┐
 Now move the mouse and see if it works.
 (Note that buttons don't have any effect for now.) │
│                                                    │
│          Is the mouse cursor moving?               │
│                                                    │
├----------------------------------------------------┤
│                [ Yes  ]     [  No  ]               │
└------------ Press arrows, TAB or ENTER ------------┘


现在移动鼠标,验证鼠标是否可用。
(注意,鼠标的按钮目前无效。)
鼠标光标是否在移动?

14.7.11.2 3 Type 选择鼠标协议类型

如鼠标连接到 PS/2 鼠标端口和总线鼠标端口,无论鼠标的型号和品牌是什么,都应始终选择“Auto”。所有其他协议类型适用于串口鼠标,不应与 PS/2 端口鼠标或总线鼠标一起使用。如有串口鼠标,且不确定它的协议,也应尝试选择“Auto”。如鼠标不支持即插即用(PnP)标准,可能无法正常工作,但也无不良影响。许多 2 按钮(左键和右键)串口鼠标与“Microsoft”或“MouseMan”兼容,3 按钮串口鼠标(左右键、中间按钮)可能与“MouseSystems”或“MouseMan”兼容。如串口鼠标有滚轮,可能与“IntelliMouse”兼容。

sh
┌------------------┤Select a protocol type for your mouse├------------------┐
 If your mouse is attached to the PS/2 mouse port or the bus mouse port,
 you should always choose "Auto", regardless of the model and the brand
 of the mouse.  All other protocol types are for serial mice and should
 not be used with the PS/2 port mouse or the bus mouse.  If you have
 a serial mouse and are not sure about its protocol, you should also try
 "Auto".  It may not work for the serial mouse if the mouse does not
 support the PnP standard.  But, it won't hurt.  Many 2-button serial mice │
│ are compatible with "Microsoft" or "MouseMan". 3-button serial mice       │
│ may be compatible with "MouseSystems" or "MouseMan".  If the serial       │
│ mouse has a wheel, it may be compatible with "IntelliMouse".              │
│ ┌-----------------------------------------------------------------------┐ │
│ │    1 Auto          Bus mouse, PS/2 style mouse or PnP serial mouse    │ │
│ │    2 GlidePoint    ALPS GlidePoint pad (serial)                       │ │
│ │    3 Hitachi       Hitachi tablet (serial)                            │ │
│ │    4 IntelliMouse  Microsoft IntelliMouse (serial)                    │ │
│ │    5 Logitech      Logitech protocol (old models) (serial)            │ │
│ │    6 Microsoft     Microsoft protocol (serial)                        │ │
│ │    7 MM Series     MM Series protocol (serial)                        │ │
│ │    8 MouseMan      Logitech MouseMan/TrackMan models (serial)         │ │
│ │    9 MouseSystems  MouseSystems protocol (serial)                     │ │
│ │    A ThinkingMouse Kensington ThinkingMouse (serial)                  │ │
│ └-----------------------------------------------------------------------┘ │
├---------------------------------------------------------------------------┤
│                           [  OK  ]     [Cancel]                           │
└---------------------------------------------------------------------------┘
菜单说明
1 Auto总线鼠标,PS/2 风格鼠标、PnP 串口鼠标
2 GlidePointALPS GlidePoint 触摸板(串口)
3 Hitachi日立平板(串口)
4 IntelliMouse微软 IntelliMouse(串口)
5 Logitech罗技协议(旧款)(串口)
6 Microsoft微软协议(串口)
7 MM SeriesMM 系列协议(串口)
8 MouseMan罗技 MouseMan/TrackMan(串口)
9 MouseSystemsMouseSystems 协议(串口)
A ThinkingMouseKensington ThinkingMouse(串口)

14.7.12 A Networking Management 网络管理

sh

┌--------┤Network Management├--------┐
 ┌--------------------------------┐
    X Exit
    1 Hostname/Domain
    2 Network Interfaces
    3 Wireless Networks
    4 Default Router/Gateway
    5 DNS nameservers
 └--------------------------------┘
├------------------------------------┤
        [  OK  ]     [Cancel]       │
└---- Press arrows, TAB or ENTER ----┘

注意

该界面无法连接 Wi-Fi,因为无法输入密码,此问题已报告至 Bug,参见 Cannot select any wifi or input password in bsdconfig

菜单说明
X Exit退出
1 Hostname/Domain主机名/域名
2 Network Interfaces网络接口
3 Wireless Networks无线网络
4 Default Router/Gateway默认路由/默认网关
5 DNS nameserversDNS 域名服务器

14.7.13 B Security 安全

此菜单用于配置操作系统安全策略。修改设置前,应仔细阅读系统文档,以免操作不当导致服务中断。大多数设置只有在系统重启后才会生效。

sh
┌-----------------------┤System Security Options Menu├-----------------------┐
 This menu allows you to configure aspects of the operating system security
 policy.  Please read the system documentation carefully before modifying
 these settings, as they may cause service disruption if used improperly.

 Most settings will take effect only following a system reboot.
 ┌------------------------------------------------------------------------┐
    X Exit            Exit this menu
    2 [ ] Securelevel Configure securelevels for the system
    3 [X] NFS port    Require that the NFS clients use reserved ports   │ │
 └------------------------------------------------------------------------┘
├----------------------------------------------------------------------------┤
                            [  OK  ]     [Cancel]                           │
└------------------------ Press arrows, TAB or ENTER ------------------------┘
菜单解释
X Exit退出此菜单
2 [ ] Securelevel配置系统的安全级别
3 [X] NFS port要求 NFS 客户端使用保留端口

14.7.13.1 2 [ ] Securelevel 配置系统的安全级别

此菜单可选择系统运行的安全级别。

在 securelevel 安全级别下,某些 root 权限会被禁用,这可能增加对攻击的抵抗力并保护系统完整性。

sh
┌---------------------┤Securelevel Configuration Menu├---------------------┐
 This menu allows you to select the securelevel your system runs with.
 When operating at a securelevel, certain root privileges are disabled,
 which may increase resistance to exploits and protect system integrity.
 In secure mode system flags may not be overridden by the root user,
 access to direct kernel memory is limited, and kernel modules may not
 be changed.  In highly secure mode, mounted file systems may not be
 modified on-disk, tampering with the system clock is prohibited.  In
 network secure mode configuration changes to firewalling are prohibited.

 ┌----------------------------------------------------------------------┐
                  Disabled       Disable securelevels
                  Secure         Secure mode
                  Highly Secure  Highly secure mode
                  Network Secure Network secure mode
 └----------------------------------------------------------------------┘
├--------------------------------------------------------------------------┤
                    [  OK  ]     [Cancel]     [ Help ]                    │
└------------------- Select a securelevel to operate at -------------------┘

安全模式说明:

  • 在 Secure 安全模式下,root 用户无法覆盖系统标志(参数或配置),访问内核内存受限,且不能更改内核模块。
  • 在 Highly Secure 高安全模式下,挂载的文件系统无法直接修改,系统时钟也无法更改。
  • 在 Network Secure 网络安全模式下,不允许修改防火墙配置。

14.7.14 C Startup 启动项

sh
┌----------------┤Startup├---------------┐
 ┌------------------------------------┐
  X Exit
  1 Toggle Startup Services
  2 View/Edit Startup Configuration
  3 Miscellaneous Startup Services
 └------------------------------------┘
├----------------------------------------┤
          [  OK  ]     [Cancel]         │
└------ Press arrows, TAB or ENTER ------┘
菜单说明
X ExitX 退出
1 Toggle Startup Services1 切换启动服务
2 View/Edit Startup Configuration2 查看启动配置/编辑启动配置
3 Miscellaneous Startup Services3 其他启动服务

14.7.14.1 1 Toggle Startup Services 1 切换启动服务

sh
┌------------------------------┤Toggle Startup Services├------------------------------┐
 ┌---------------------------------------------------------------------------------┐
 X Exit                     Exit this menu
 accounting_enable          [ ] /etc/rc.d/accounting; Default: NO
  apm_enable                [ ] /etc/rc.d/apm; Default: NO
  auditd_enable             [ ] /etc/rc.d/auditd; Default: NO
  auditdistd_enable         [ ] /etc/rc.d/auditdistd; Default: NO
  autofs_enable             [ ] /etc/rc.d/automount; Default: NO
  autofs_enable             [ ] /etc/rc.d/automountd; Default: NO
  autofs_enable             [ ] /etc/rc.d/autounmountd; Default: NO
  avahi_daemon_enable       [ ] /usr/local/etc/rc.d/avahi-daemon; Default: NO
  avahi_dnsconfd_enable     [ ] /usr/local/etc/rc.d/avahi-dnsconfd; Default: NO
 background_fsck            [X] /etc/rc.d/bgfsck; Default: YES
  blacklistd_enable         [ ] /etc/rc.d/blacklistd; Default: NO
  bootparamd_enable         [ ] /etc/rc.d/bootparams; Default: NO
  bsnmpd_enable             [ ] /etc/rc.d/bsnmpd; Default: NO
  bthidd_enable             [ ] /etc/rc.d/bthidd; Default: NO
 cfumass_enable             [ ] /etc/rc.d/cfumass; Default: NO
  cleanvar_enable           [X] /etc/rc.d/cleanvar; Default: YES
  cron_enable               [X] /etc/rc.d/cron; Default: YES
  ctld_enable               [ ] /etc/rc.d/ctld; Default: NO
  cupsd_enable              [ ] /usr/local/etc/rc.d/cupsd; Default: NO
 dbus_enable                [X] /usr/local/etc/rc.d/dbus; Default: YES
  ddb_enable                [ ] /etc/rc.d/ddb; Default: NO
  devd_enable               [X] /etc/rc.d/devd; Default: YES
  devmatch_enable           [X] /etc/rc.d/devmatch; Default: YES
 └-↓↓↓------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17%-┘
├-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------┤
                                [  OK  ]     [Cancel]                                │
└---------------------------- Press arrows, TAB or ENTER -----------------------------┘

可启用或禁用当前所有可用的系统启动项。

14.7.14.2 2 View/Edit Startup Configuration 2 查看启动配置/编辑启动配置

sh
┌---------┤View/Edit Startup Configuration├--------┐
 ┌----------------------------------------------┐
  X Exit              Return to previous menu
  > Add New           Add new directive
  > Delete            Delete directive(s)     
  blanktime           300
  dbus_enable         YES
   dumpdev            AUTO
  firewall_enable     NO
  gateway_enable      YES
  hostname            ykla
  ifconfig_igc0       DHCP
   ifconfig_igc0_ipv6 inet6 accept_rtadv
  kld_list            i915kms fusefs
  lightdm_enable      YES
  moused_enable       YES
  ntpd_enable         YES
   ntpd_sync_on_start YES
  powerd_enable       YES
  resolv_enable       NO
  saver               beastie
   sshd_enable        YES
  xrdp_enable         YES
   xrdp_sesman_enable YES
  zfs_enable          YES
 └----------------------------------------------┘
├--------------------------------------------------┤
       [  OK   ]     [Cancel ]     [Details]      │
└----------- Press arrows, TAB or ENTER -----------┘
菜单说明
X Exit Return to previous menu退出 返回上一级菜单
> Add New Add new directive添加 新增指令
> Delete Delete directive(s)删除 删除指令

查看配置当前正在使用的启动项。

14.7.14.2.1 Details 详情

sh
┌--------------------------┤Choose View Details├-------------------------┐
 ┌--------------------------------------------------------------------┐
  R Reset                  Reset to default view settings
  D [X] Description        Toggle display of system description     │ │
  1 (*) Show Value         Show configured startup value (fast)     │ │
  2 ( ) Show Default/Value Show default/configured values (slow)    │ │
  3 ( ) Show Configured    Calculate rc.conf(5) locations (slowest) │ │
 └--------------------------------------------------------------------┘
├------------------------------------------------------------------------┤
                          [  OK  ]     [Cancel]                         │
└---------------------- Press arrows, TAB or ENTER ----------------------┘
菜单解释
R Reset Reset to default view settingsR 重置 恢复默认视图设置
D [X] Description Toggle display of system descriptionD [X] 描述 切换显示系统描述
1 (*) Show Value Show configured startup value (fast)1 (*) 显示值 显示已配置的启动值(加载速度快速)
2 ( ) Show Default/Value Show default/configured values (slow)2 ( ) 显示默认/值 显示默认值/已配置的值(加载速度较慢)
3 ( ) Show Configured Calculate rc.conf(5) locations (slowest)3 ( ) 显示配置 计算 rc.conf(5) 的位置(加载速度最慢)

14.7.14.3 3 Miscellaneous Startup Services 3 其他启动服务

此菜单用于配置系统启动配置的各个方面。

sh
┌----------------------┤Miscellaneous Startup Services├----------------------┐
 This menu allows you to configure various aspects of your system's         │
│ startup configuration.  Use [SPACE] or [ENTER] to select items, and        │
│ [TAB] to move to the buttons.  Select Exit to leave this menu.             │
│ ┌------------------------------------------------------------------------┐ │
│ │  X Exit               Exit this menu                                   │ │
│ │                        --                                              │ │
│ │  1 [X] Startup dirs   Set the list of dirs to look for startup scripts │ │
│ │  2 [ ] named          Run a local name server on this host             │ │
│ │  3 [ ] named flags    Set default flags to named (if enabled)          │ │
│ │  4 [ ] NIS client     This host wishes to be an NIS client.            │ │
│ │  5 [ ] NIS domainname Set NIS domainname (if enabled)                  │ │
│ │  6 [ ] NIS Server     This host wishes to be an NIS server.            │ │
│ │                        --                                              │ │
│ │  7 [ ] Accounting     This host wishes to run process accounting.      │ │
│ │  8 [ ] lpd            This host has a printer and wants to run lpd.    │ │
│ └------------------------------------------------------------------------┘ │
├----------------------------------------------------------------------------┤
│                            [  OK  ]     [Cancel]                           │
└------------------------ Press arrows, TAB or ENTER ------------------------┘

使用 [空格键] 或 [回车键] 选择项目,使用 [Tab] 移动到按钮。选择 Exit 以离开此菜单。

菜单解释
X Exit Exit this menuX 退出 退出此菜单
----
1 [X] Startup dirs Set the list of dirs to look for startup scripts1 [X] 启动目录 设置查找启动脚本的目录列表
2 [ ] named Run a local name server on this host2 [ ] named 在此主机上运行本地域名服务器
3 [ ] named flags Set default flags to named (if enabled)3 [ ] named 参数 设置默认的 named 参数(如果启用)
4 [ ] NIS client This host will be an NIS client4 [ ] NIS 客户端 此主机将作为 NIS 客户端
5 [ ] NIS domainname Set NIS domainname (if enabled)5 [ ] NIS 域名 设置 NIS 域名(如启用)
6 [ ] NIS Server This host will be an NIS server6 [ ] NIS 服务器 此主机将作为 NIS 服务器
--分割线
7 [ ] Accounting This host will run process accounting7 [ ] 记账 此主机将运行进程记账
8 [ ] lpd This host has a printer and will run lpd8 [ ] lpd 此主机有打印机且需运行 lpd

14.7.15 D Ttys TTY

sh
┌-------------------┤User Confirmation Requested├-------------------┐
 Configuration of system TTYs requires editing the /etc/ttys file.
 Typical configuration activities might include enabling getty(8)  
 on the first serial port to allow login via serial console after
 reboot, or to enable xdm.  The default ttys file enables normal
 virtual consoles, and most sites will not need to perform manual
 configuration.

 To load /etc/ttys in the editor, select [Yes], otherwise, [No].   │
├-------------------------------------------------------------------┤
                       [ Yes  ]     [  No  ]
└------------------- Press arrows, TAB or ENTER --------------------┘


系统 TTY 的配置需要编辑 /etc/ttys 文件。典型的配置活动可能包括启用第一个串口上的 getty(8),以允许在重启后通过串口控制台登录,或者启用 xdm。默认的 ttys 文件启用了正常的虚拟控制台,大多数站点无需进行手动配置。

要在编辑器中加载 /etc/ttys 文件,选择 [Yes],否则选择 [No]。

如选择 [Yes],会使用文本编辑器打开 /etc/ttys 文件。

14.7.16 参考文献

14.7.17 课后习题

  1. 通过 bsdconfig 的“View/Edit Startup Configuration”添加自定义 sysctl 配置,追踪该配置如何写入 rc.conf 并最终通过启动脚本生效。
  2. 使用 bsdconfig 的命令行模式配置网络接口,对比图形界面与命令行两种方式的操作路径差异。
  3. 对比 bsdconfig 与传统的 rc.conf 手动编辑方式在配置效率与易用性上的差异。